Much of the existing concussion research focuses on the direct impact to the head, but it is also known that forces that go through the body following a chest impact can result in a concussion.

This study aimed to determine the forces going through the chest during a head-to-chest collision in American football. Forces were measured both with and without a helmet.

On top of that, a finite element study was conducted using a Global Human Body Model Consortium (GHBMC) to investigate the forces through the cervical spine upon impact.